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Course Outline

What Statistics Can Offer to Decision Makers

  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Basic statistics - Identifying which statistical measures (e.g., median, mean, percentiles) are most relevant for different data distributions
    • Graphs - Understanding the significance of accuracy (e.g., how graph design influences decision-making)
    • Variable types - Determining which variables are easier to manage
    • Ceteris paribus - Recognizing that variables are always in motion
    • Third variable problem - Strategies for identifying the true influential factor
  • Inferential Statistics
    • Probability value - Understanding the meaning of the P-value
    • Repeated experiments - Techniques for interpreting results from repeated trials
    • Data collection - Acknowledging that while bias can be minimized, it cannot be entirely eliminated
    • Understanding confidence levels

Statistical Thinking

  • Decision-making with limited information
    • Methods for assessing whether sufficient information has been gathered
    • Prioritizing goals based on probability and potential return (benefit-to-cost ratio, decision trees)
  • How errors accumulate
    • The butterfly effect
    • Black swan events
    • Analogies: What Schrödinger's cat and Newton's apple represent in business contexts
  • The Cassandra Problem - Measuring forecast accuracy when the course of action alters the outcome
    • Case study: Google Flu Trends and the reasons for its failure
    • How decisions rendered forecasts obsolete
  • Forecasting - Methods and practical application
    • ARIMA models
    • Why naive forecasts often prove more responsive
    • Determining the appropriate historical look-back period for forecasts
    • Explaining why increased data volume can sometimes lead to poorer forecasts

Statistical Methods Useful for Decision Makers

  • Describing Bivariate Data
    • Distinctions between univariate and bivariate data
  • Probability
    • Reasons for variability in measurements
  • Normal Distributions and normally distributed errors
  • Estimation
    • Independent sources of information and degrees of freedom
  • Logic of Hypothesis Testing
    • Understanding what can be proven and the concept of falsification (why results often contradict initial assumptions)
    • Interpreting hypothesis testing results
    • Testing means
  • Power
    • Strategies for determining an optimal (and cost-effective) sample size
    • Balancing false positives and false negatives, and understanding the inherent trade-offs

Requirements

Strong mathematical skills are essential. Additionally, prior exposure to basic statistics, such as collaborating with teams who perform statistical analysis, is required.

 7 Hours

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